Bussiness Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bussiness Ethics - Essay frameworkSpeaking more plainly, I think that it is in the best interest of the people that the government hires undercover military contractors to provide dish outance in national defense. Though Sandel did not position himselfdirectly, on each particular side of the debate, he effectively raise and postulates two critical issues regarding the hiring of private military contractorsusing, in particular, the case of Blackwater Worldwide as an example one is regarding fairness and freedom and the other with regards to civic chastity and common good (81). Blackwater Worldwide which now renamed its company Xe Services was founded by former navy blue Seals including its former president and founder Erik Prince. Blackwater trains its own personnel to carry out high-risk operations more or less the world and had successfully secure contract with the US government under President George Bush. Since 2007, the company has been elusive in a string of lawsuits, inv estigations, and intense public scrutiny with their involvement in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan (Blackwater Worldwide). With the questionable conduct of Blackwater Worldwide, why would I still think that private military contractors should assist in national defense? Well, compared to the many utilitarian advantages, I believe that the pros far outweigh the cons.

Cancer pain in end of life cancer patients Research Paper

Cancer distract in end of life cancer patients - Research Paper ExampleThe article has prepared a step by step, scientific methodology for upset assessment and intervention st regulategies and based on this methodology, has well examined the case and provided care as the multidisciplinary team went on recording and analyzing the interventions as well. The study has utilized a standardized scale to assess unhinge, used four basic approaches to painful sensation relief that includes, modify the source(s) of pain(s)(,) fudge the central perception of pain(,) modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system(,) (and) block transmission of pain to the central nervous system (Ferrel, Levy and Paice, 2008, p.575-577). It has also made use of approved methods of pharmacological counseling of pain including co-analgesic therapy (Ferrel, Levy and Paice, 2008, p.577). ... 2. Fayers, P.M., Hjermstad, M.J., Klepstad, P., Loge, J.H., Caraceni, A., Hanks, G.W. ...Kaasa, S. (2011), The dimensionality of pain Palliative care and chronic pain patients differ in their reports of pain fervor and pain interference, Pain, 152 (7), 1608-20. This article has drawn attention to the importance of accurate assessment of pain in palliative care (Fayers et al., 2011, p.1608). This is observed in the context that different chronic pain patients report the intensity of pain in different degrees (Fayers et al., 2011, p.1608). This study has made use of duodecimal methodology to assess pain in chronic pain patients and carried out a questionnaire survey of a sample of such patients. By carrying out a psychometric analysis of the data collected, this article has provided statistical information based on which, two main dimensions of pain have been identified, namely, intensity and interference (Fayers et al., 2011, p.1608). It is inferred that in order to have a higher-level summary measure of patients pain experience, the two dimensions, intensity and interference both have to be assessed in a distinct manner (Fayers et al., 2011, p.1608). Though this article does not directly deals with the proposed change attribute forth by this researcher, it provides crucial information on the nature and factor influencing reported pain in palliative patients. Yet, this article does not provide information on morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population, of this problem. 3. Kumar, S.P. (2011), Reporting characteristics of cancer pain A systematic review and quantitative analysis of research publications in palliative care journals,

International bank managment essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International posit managment - Essay ExampleThey include market crashes and decreased GDP of any country.For the past a century years, in that respect have been several economic crises in the world. Financial crises compose such economic crises. In fact, it looks like each decade has its own set of financial crises, which usually originate in unrivalled country and spread to the rest of the world. The 1930s saw the Great Depression the 1980s saw the nest egg and loans crisis in the US and also the loan default crisis. The 1990s saw the Asian currency crisis among a plethora of other financial hitches. The first decade of the twenty first century has not been spared either. The 2007/2009 financial crisis is considered in some quarters to be the largest since the Great Depression.This essay is going to compare the financial crises of the 1980s with those of the 1990s. The similarities and differences between the two periods will be given and explanations for the same sought. The essay will conclude with the generators opinion on what the financial world should expect in the first decade of the twenty-first century as far as financial crises are concerned.There were several financial crises in the 1980s around the world. But perhaps the major ones were the debt crisis and the American savings and loans crisis (Carrasco 2008). The latter is referred by legion(predicate) as the 1980s savings and loans scandal, a befitting term considering the factors that were surrounding it.According to Carrasco (2008), this crisis had its origins in the 1970s. It is the additive effects of what transpired in the 1970s that brought about the crisis of the 1980s. There was what Wharton and Allen (2009) refers to as petrodollar recycling in the 1970s. In the 1970s, there was a considerable rise in the price of oil color on the world market. This saw the oil exporting countries of the world, especially those from the Middle East, making considerable profits

Analysis of the Current and Future use of Internet Technologies in Essay

Analysis of the Current and Future commit of Internet Technologies in Qatar Airways - Essay ExampleBy encouraging passengers to book directly with the air duct, substantial nest egg arise beca engagement airlines do not incur payments to travel agents and Global Distribution System Companies. Thus, Qatar Airways has tried to alter maximum interaction with passengers through its website, in addition to providing passengers with Internet and text messaging services on board its more modern aircrafts.Porters Five Forces Analysis suggests that competitive rivalry persists among airlines in the Middle East and Qatar Airways must offer the same level of service as Emirates Airlines, the leading airline brand in the region, for less. The infomediary model presented by Professor Michael Rappa assists in understanding the strategy for Qatar Airways, which must use incentive marketing and stress presentation of comprehensive information. The Flower of Service Model suggests that Qatar Air ways must emphasise support for its core product of transporting passengers with services geared to provide information, consultation, hospitality, billing and payment together with order-taking and the discussion of exceptions. Presently, Qatar Airways uses Internet technologies to support the previously mentioned services, but it is likely that in the future further support for passengers and their involve will be available as higher bandwidth networks become available and better interfacing with modern airports, including the in the buff Doha airport, becomes available.Examination and analysis of the Qatar Airways website suggests that this website provides all passenger needs, except for assisting passengers to jut out fully their trips. The Qatar Airways website ranks second unaccompanied to the Emirates Airlines website among all regional airline websites because at present Qatar Airways cannot provide comprehensive service to passengers wanting to plan their trips in det ail, possibly

Slide Presentation, Plastic Bags Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Slide Presentation, Plastic Bags - Assignment ExampleThe irregular noteworthy facet was the insurmountable difference in the cost of recycling plastic bags and creating new bags. Jared Blumefeld famous that the cost of recycling is more that 125% the cost of creating new bags. Certainly, the government as well as private individuals burn downnot maintain the recycling drive for plastic bags at this ridiculous rate. If recycling then is not the answer what is?The third feature emphasizes a glimmer of hope for the stoppage and subsequent eradication of the dangers of the recitation of plastic. The creators of the presentation suggest that we can stop the use of plastic bags and replace the plastic with cloth. Besides the self-explanatory advantage of being particularly recyclable one individual utilizing one cloth bag can replace the use of 288 plastic bags in one year. Therefore if every member of the population employ cloth instead of plastic there would be a phenomenal removal of the dangers of plastic using up in our lives.From the foregoing arguments one can conclude that the continued use of plastic bags are thus detrimental to our lives as a consequence life as we know it today would be full(a) of poison in the very near future unless we take the bull by the horn and founder significant steps to removing the plastic from our daily lives. Thus, consistent with the findings as presented in the power point I recommend a complete 360 degrees turning from the use of plastic bags to a more positive alternative. equal the authors of this presentation I would like to reiterate the use of cloth instead of plastic and an outright dismiss of its use by the government. The author of this paper believes that in addition to the recommendations already made we as individuals and as a nation can plant trees to not only replenish the earth with positive substances that also to be used as material to create

Questionnaire for Bachelor Thesis with topic JSR170 and the Content Essay

Questionnaire for Bachelor Thesis with topic JSRone hundred seventy and the Content way Industry - Essay Example17. Specifications ar not available for the kind of applications that we use in our company.4. applied science Can Conventional Database Abstraction Layers (DBAL) and Web Services be used for solving the same issues18. DBAL and clear services are capable of solving all of the issues listed in section 2.19. DBAL and Web services solves the germane(predicate) issues for us.20. DBAL is tunable and can be used to realize additional controls that may be needed.21. Our people are halcyon with DBAL / Web services22. DBAL and web services are easier to adopt and use than the new amount processes 23. many a(prenominal) of the disadvantages of DBAL / web services are taken care of JSRs and JSRs are growing.StatementsVery Un Important (1)Un Important (2) indifferent (3)Important (4)Very Important (5)5. Technology Is Data Access more comfortable with JDBC or otherwise Data min ing / warehousing software24. Additional features on JDBC for connecting dis correspondent databases.25. Generic warehousing tools are good enough for our requirements.6. General Closing Remarks26. JSR clxx is the future standard for all kinds of applications from Java stable.27. JSR 170 is easy to adopt and use.28. JSR 170 is compatible with most of the Enterprise Content Management Vendor products.29. JSR 170 has advantages that are better than the other equivalent standards and products.30. Adopting JSR 170 would improve our performance in the company.Signature of the someone filling the formThanks for your cooperationQuestion Selection and grouping.Categorization is done on the basis of the chase1. Size of the company2. Turnover of the company3. Nature of business4. Database employed on the websiteThe...This would help in analyzing the advantages with respect to the size of the company, nature of business, database employed and also on the turnover. This would help in underst anding whether the companies of similar traits think alike or differently if so whyAnswers to be evaluated in line with the standard evaluation practices of assigning 1 for very unimportant and 5 for very important. Based on these numerical assignments of the choice, the other factors are also evaluated in line with the grouping and the related questions. Answers for specific groups could be averaged and viewed as a relevancy factor for the heading / group from the specific company type / size.

Wedding Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wedding Photography - show Exampleraphers to capture the images that will have meaning for the couple, such(prenominal) as allowing the event to unfold as it does rather than trying to direct it for the perfect shot. Finally, it is important to consider the ethics of the situation are you the jump photographer, how do you respond to Uncle Charlie peering over your shoulder and should you digitally enhance images with minor flaws in them in do to provide a more pleasing picture. Examining some of the more important techniques and tips available will table service to produce more satisfying results while an understanding of some of the ethics questions involved may foster alleviate future problems.As has been mentioned, the wedding photographer must combine more than one procedure as he or she attempts to capture images of someones big day. They must have wet knowledge of portrait photography in terms of lighting and composition. Portrait photographers learn lighting ratios suc h as the normal 3-1 ratio for lighting the face, as well as portrait composition. They then run time setting up their shots for a desired lighting effect. They strive to control every eyeshot of the portrait (Lee, 2004). This knowledge is often necessary in establishing the group shots of the wedding party and many images of the bride. However, this does not capture the sense of the joyousness of the moment nor does it complete the professional photographers duties at a wedding. This is where the photojournalist must come into play. The photojournalist on the other hand is quick to draw you might say. He or she is able to capture a fleeting moment in time. They are on their toes looking for the misfortune shot (Lee, 2004). The degree to which a photographer must be a portrait artist or a photojournalist depends greatly on the general trends in society as well as in the wishes and personalities of the couple involved. The more the photographer is able to key in to the mood of the event, the better

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 200

Assignment ExampleThe jobs be different, but it can be regulated with the length of the working day. He also stated somewhat the importance of money elimination offering another way of compensation a credit corresponding to a citizens shargon of the annual product of the nation is given to every citizen on the public books at the head start of each year (Bellamy, p. 72).3. As Bellamy defends equality, he would also defend the equal rights for women. He proposes to pay trouble to the things, which were neglected in our past let but the famine-stricken nation assume the function it had neglected, and regulate for the joint good the course of the life-giving stream, and the earth would bloom like one garden, and none of its children lack some(prenominal) good thing (pp. 216-217).4. The very important thing Bellamy missed is the lack of explanation of how the people could be equal if ones are job givers, who benefit from their own efforts made in the past, and others are employees . Credit identity card issued him with which he procures at the problic storehouses, found in every community, whatever he desires whenever he desires it (Bellamy, p. 73). The achievements of people are different so they have a different

Does the current system of funding higher education support student Literature review

Does the current system of funding high education brave out student academic learning - Literature review ExampleThe authors have not shown the evidence of Universities that atomic number 18 struggling with issues of funding or the ones trying to cut their costs because of poor funding. One may not believe in the results of the view because the authors do not prove some of their claims such as the historical reasons affecting universities funding and the level of investments other governments put in their universities (Connaway & Powell 2010, pp. 63-65). This may help in sympathy whether indeed UK underinvests in their higher learning institutions compared to other countries.The data source is very reliable because the study has been carried out by a professional organization, Russell Group that entails several higher learning institutions. The group likewise contains academic professionals such as Professor Michael Arthur who is the chairman of the group (Russell Group 2010, p p. 45-50). There are alike financial reports that have been used in carrying out the study. The sources used in the study are also relevant and are very reliable. The data used in the study are up to consider because none of them is more than ten years old.Russell Group 2010, Staying on top The challenge of sustaining world-class higher education in the UK, PP. 1-52, retrieved

Honeybees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Honeybees - Essay ExampleLarge farms nevertheless hire beekeepers to increase the number of bees that will make pollination faster. Another importance of honeybees is that they produce develop which are used in candle and polish making. These facts are not new discovery though. In old walls and caves, pictures of bees were found painted believed to be done thousand years ago (USDOA).Amusingly, while honeybees dally important roles in agriculture industry of the coupled States, they were brought to United States by European colonizers during the early days and not really essential of the country. Honey bee is a highly adaptable insect that can stay to a astray range of climate and geographic location. It is indigenous and able to adjust to a wide variety of climes and geographic regions. The natural territory of honeybees is the area of Southern Africa to somewhere in Southern Scandinavia, and from Continental Europe to West Asia(USDOA).It is the southwestern part of United St ates and northern Mexico where honeybees are to the highest degree likely riotous and of different variety. Carl Hayden from Bee Research Center in Tucson, Arizona said that are about 1000 to 1200 species of bees within a one hundred mile radius of Tucson. However, it was found out that neither one is native honeybee. Identified are around 25,000 species of bees and almost 40,000 are in waiting to be listed down. Placing them to specific genus takes date for the entomologists. Unluckily, out of 25,000, 8 to 10 species believed to be honey bees. This number is still growing though because on that point are lot of identified species already (USDOA). Interestingly, honey bees are classified by strain and not through genus and species. If we say strain, it means place of origin. Most common strains of honey bees currently found in the United States are the Apis mellifera ligustica, the Italian bees, and the Apis mellifera carnica, the Carniolan bees. But science learns to discover on how to interbreed. This traffic pattern is brought about by the need to produce more honey and enhance pollination. One considered as most famous attempt at creating such a hybridized line was the crossing of the European lines and the African lines (USDOA). sexual union the unassuming but high honey producing European bees to the aggressive African counterparts is the goal of crossing the lines of African and European. It was in 1956 when the test was done by Brazilian researchers hoping that a more hardworking bee will be the result. However they did not succeed. Test result showed that the aggressive traits dominated and in essence veiled the characteristics of the European bees. The conducted test became popular when a worker in the laboratory where the bees were located accidentally removed the screens which unplowed the queens in their hives (USDOA). Accordingly, around 26 group of the Africanized bees flew. Ever since, the descendants have been pathetic northward. After 40 years later, African honey bees are found in the southwestern United States. This is causing concerns due to their aggressive nature and capacity to replace the well-known colonies of productive European lines (USDOA). thither is a caste system among colonies of bees. The queen ranks at the top of the caste which primary duties are to dwell the colony by mating with male honey bees. Directing activities to the workers is another duty of the queen. The queen

Netherlands' Political Stability and the Attractiveness of FDI Essay

Netherlands policy-making Stability and the Attractiveness of FDI - Essay ExampleThe underlying cheer in undertaking FDI operations is to invest in low risk and spirited return markets and economies. In this regard, political stability and the risks posed by the political system in place in a given market or economy influence FDI across countries. Netherlands is a strong and favourable FDI savoir-faire in the European economies. The U.S is a primary foreign direct investor in Netherlands among other countries. On the identical note, Netherlands also invests in other countries, thereby undertaking an external FDI. Individuals, firms, and g overnments engage in FDI activities around the world, with high sensitivity being accorded to political systems and governance of the specific FDI destinations. This process encompasses strategic decision making, aided by PESTLE (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors) analysis and Porters five Diamon d model. These factors provide the environment of line of merchandise undertakings in the FDI context, with the Diamond model evaluating the competitive advantage of a nation in a given business aspect. The attractiveness of FDI in Netherlands is not only based on the political stability of the country over cadence, but also on social and economic pillars that promote FDI. These pillars are used in this opus to explain the attractiveness of FDI in Netherlands, but a lot of emphasis is accorded to Netherlands political and governance stability. The 4 attributes of the Diamond model are employed to present Netherlands as a suitable FDI destination, with a material emphasis on the Netherlands political environment. The political aspect of the Netherlands is therefore the central focus of this paper, with regard to FDI attractiveness. Political Environment as a Determinant of FDI FDI destinations are critically scrutinized in a bid to ameliorate risk of failure. An economy that is characterized by effective governance systems attracts high levels of inward FDI and encourages its investors to engage in outward FDI in similar economies. Such a political environment is business friendly and it is often characterized by low corruption practices and fair and healthy competition in business (Holland Gateway, 2011). Unstable governments drive out-of-door inward FDI due to the prevalence of an environment that is highly characterized by investment risks. Other determining factors of FDI acknowledge legal systems (Baltzer, 2008, p.81 Markusen, 2002, p.67), economic context (OECD, 2002a), foreign relations (Breuss, 2002, pg.245-274), infrastructure and technology (Angeloni, Flad and Mongelli, 2007, pg. 367-409) and social and cultural factors (Roland, 2005, Ch. 3 Roland, 2009 Darvas and Szapary, 2008, pg. 44). Attractiveness of FDI in Netherlands Netherlands is an invest destination for many foreign individuals, firms and governments. The United States has for a lon g time been a major FDI player in Netherlands. In fact, the U.S has at one time accounted for up to 13.3% of chalk up outbound investment in Netherlands (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2012). This scenario has been accounted for by a fiscal climate that favours high level investments and international orientation that boosts business undertakings between Netherlands and the rest of the world. U.K and Canada joins the U.S to make the top three countries that actively engage in inward FDI in

Response question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Response question - Essay ExampleHe discusses the healthy victuals of Asia but since they be following the U.S then who is left for us to look up to? No doubt his photo is instructive but due to lack of guidance to the highest degree the lifestyle and diet it deviates from the main topic. Had he told about the correct diet and submitd a chart of healthy food it would have served for the right purpose.Obesity is worthy common and has deformed the human figure in the past few decades. In this way we ar moving forward to devolvement. The children are fed on junk and processed foods. They consume all the foods that are unhealthy from the age that is vulnerable and they become use to it. They refuse to intake the home made food and rely more on the take away foods. Though Ornish has non mentioned the reasons of obesity and did not palaver about the prevention, however this is one of the common reasons. As obesity is common among people and they do not pay any heed to it and as a result they are unaware of the consequences. His video fails to provide the methods of prevention. Exercise can help a great deal in losing weight and getting free of the obese figure. He does not talk about the life style either. These missing points make his video lacking in this very important aspect. He should have guided the people about the befitting diet and lifestyle that are required in the prevention of the fatal

American Health System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Health System - Research Paper role modelThe United States of America spends almost two trillion dollars on health c are making it the earth spending the most money per capita and with the most technologically advanced medical practice. Despite this, it only ranks thirty-seventh in the World Health Organizations ranking of the World Health Systems. (WHO, 2000) Such present of affairs exists primarily because the American system of health is extremely fragmented. Along with past of half-hearted efforts to form a universal system of health while at the same time bending to the interest of oversized private sector insurance companies has reduced the American health system to a patchy positioning with complicated rules ( which differ in different areas) and huge wastage of resources. This fragmentation of the system has developed due to the dual stakeholders in the system coupled with the rising costs for healthcare provision. (Arthur Garson, 2010)One fact that can non be snub is that a lot of money is being invested each year on healthcare in America. more than percentage of GDP is spent on health care than on food. The governmental expenditure on healthcare sums up to 18.9 percent of the total federal and state budget (WHO). Then there are the private and employment-based insurances which are continuously rising. Despite the increased spending on health care, we find that it has not translated into a universal or better health system. This is partly due to the gross inefficiency in the system. As the health sector develops a larger fraction of the economy the inefficient functioning of the sector become even more costly. Despite this, some health policy analyst argues that increased expenditure on health is necessary to cover the population and continue the cutting edge advancement in technology.

ANOVA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANOVA - Essay ExampleThe trainers held various positions in the program and had varying levels of schooling and job experience as well. The aim of the research was to determine whether the level of job satisfaction among athletic trainers varied relative to certain demographic characteristics. These included gender, tenure, position, age, and educational level.Data was collected using the atomic number 25 Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). The MSQ measured intrinsic, extrinsic, and overall job satisfaction. Moreover, demographic information was likewise collected as these were apply to group or classify the sample.Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics with increased importance given up to the measurement of the mean, variance, and standard deviation. The ANOVA test was then used to compare the levels of job satisfaction base on demographic characteristics. For instance, using the said tool, it was determined that groups classified according to the position they he ld had statistically substantive differences with regards to their overall job satisfaction levels. Also, it was discovered that statistically significant differences existed between the subgroups based on their gender, age, educational level, and tenure.

Effective hand hygiene in clinical settings Literature review

Effective pass away hygiene in clinical settings - Literature review utilisation surpass hygiene is very important for the general public especially those who handle food and those who exercise in medical centers as poor hand hygiene may cause respiratory infections such(prenominal) as influenza and common cold according to the Joint Commission Resources (2008). The Joint Commission Resources (2008) and Mulder (1999) oblige that in healthc atomic number 18 provisions, hand hygiene is the responsibility to all people involved. This is because when the health practitioners have bemire detainment, the patients ar put at risk of developing infections. on that pointfore, to prevent infections, the healthcare practitioners must decontaminate their hands before and after each and every episode of direct contact or care with a patient (AORN, 1999 Lautenbach, Woeltje & Preeti 2010). Currently, hand hygiene is recognized to be important in providing quality care to the patients and is include in the standards for hospital accreditation. There have been new developments in the area of medical care and due(p) to these developments most research bodies have reviewed the available literature and come up with new guidelines for hand hygiene. The guidelines are intended for use by all healthcare practitioners within the healthcare settings. Bacteria on the contend There are two main groups of microorganisms that are found on the skin, that is, resident flora and perfunctory flora. Transient floras are bacterium that colonize the superficial layer of the skin. The transient floras are commonly associated with healthcare infections but can easily be removed by hand washing or loving hand hygiene. An example of transient flora is staphylococcus aureus. The resident floras colonize the deeper layer of the skin and are difficult to remove. Examples include diphtheroids and coagulase negative staphylococci. The resident floras are usually not associated with healthcare infections according to CDC (2002) and Lindh, Pooler and Tamparo (2009). Hand hygiene is intended to reduce colonization with transient flora. Removal of the transient flora can be achieved through hand washing or hand disinfection. Hand washing is the use of pee altogether or the use of water and unmedicated detergent to clean the hand according to Mulder (1999) and CDC (2002). The main objective of hand washing is to prevent cross transmission of disease causing organisms. Hygienic hand wash is as well as similar to hand washing except that instead of unmedicated detergent, an antiseptic agent is employ. Hand disinfection refers to the use of antiseptic solution, either medicated soap or alcohol to clean the hand. Substances utilize in hand hygiene There are different types of substances used in hand hygiene for cleaning. The substances used include soap and detergents, antibacterial drug soap, hand antiseptic and water. These substances are used to clean different dirt. Fo r example, water alone cannot be used to clean the skin because on its own it cannot remove fats, oils and pathogens it has to be used together with soaps and detergents. The temperature of the water used in cleaning the hands also varies, for in some instances warm water is used and in some cold may be used. For instance, when cleaning oils or fats it is advisable to use war water (World Health Organization, 2006). Antibacterial soaps are those with antibacterial agents that help in fighting or cleaning the bacteria and the hand antiseptics are non water based hand hygiene agents. The hand antiseptic

I.T. Assesment of ABC Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I.T. Assesment of ABC Inc - Essay ExampleThe firm that is examine in the paper is ABC Inc., a multinational corporation based in the United States of the States and deals with the designing and selling of computer software, personal computers as well as consumer electronics. The company has produced some of the known types of computers that are being used each(prenominal)over the world. The company has more the four hundred retail stores in fifteen nations, together with an online store. The company is the largest publicly traded worldwide by market capitalization. Whereby it overtops the Exxon Mobil by about sixty billion bucks, and also the largest and most popular technology corporation in the world in hurt of profit and r counterbalanceue, making it worth more than Microsoft and Google put together. As of November 20, 2011, the corporation had more than sixty flipper thousand permanent employees working around the clock and three thousand temporary full-time workers all ov er the world its total annual sales hit the sixty five billion dollar mark, moving up to one hundred and eight billion dollars in the year 2011. The company was even in the year 2008 named by the Fortune magazine as the most admired company in the United States of America. Therefore, this means that this is the biggest company in the industry of the production of computer-related products. The assessment of the companys oecumenical control environment should be done determining the level at which the General Accounting line management control standards are included in the plans, strategies, procedures and guidance that govern operations and programs. In its assessment, the pastime have been ensured (English 87). Compliance with the law All costs, obligations and operations adhere to the applicable regulation and law. The allocation of resources is efficaciously and economically done for the rightly authorized purposes. Reasonable safeguards and sanction The management controls give rational assurance that the companys assets are protected or safeguarded against misappropriation, loss and waste. The management controls are rationally complete, logical, efficient and effective in the accomplishment of the objectives of management. Competence, attitude and integrity Personal integrity is encouraged among the workers and managers. All violence are compelled to support the programs of agency ethics. There is also effective communication between and within offices. GAO particular proposition Management Control Standards The following specific control standards have been addressed Delegation of Organizational responsibilities and power The management has ensured that there is appropriate definition and delegation of responsibility, accountability and authority in accomplishing the companys mission statement. The company also has an appropriate organizational structure for the purposes of effectively carrying out the program responsibilities. superintendence and Separation of Duties The key responsibilities and duties in authorization, recording, reviewing and processing of official agency operations are separated or delegated among different individuals. There is proper managerial supervision for the purposes of ensuring that duties and responsibilities assigned to various individuals are not maltreat or exceeded (Albrecht and Albrecht 63). Accountability for and Access to Resources There are some measures in place for limiting

Tale of Genji-Evanescence of Life Essay Example for Free

Tale of Genji-Evanescence of Life Essay creation has al bureaus been the one that chases the woman, and the harder the woman is for them to pick out the more(prenominal) the man wants her. People tend to not give notice what they have in front of them until they dont have them anymore. The evanescence of a mans human relationship with a woman of importance is a recurring theme doneout the book. This is demonstrated frequently through Genjis relationships with the women and people he cared about throughout his life. In Genjis life he encounters a variety of women through which the same routine occurs he move in love, he loses her then he suffers. An important aspect of this evanescence of women is the consolation phase which follows where male sheaths seek comfort for lost from women of similar visible traits. In The Tale of Genji, Murasaki Shikibu convey the idea of evanescence of important relationships through Genjis life. Genjis mother Kiritsubo, who is the emperor furtherterflys veritable love, died when Genji was only three years old.Genji had very little time with his blood mother this foreshadows Genjis hale life as he matures of how he continuously suffers from losing the women he cares about. When Kiritsubo passed away the Emperor was filled with permanent sorrow, he had clung all too foundly to his old love, despite universal disapproval, and he did not forget her now, precisely in a touching way his affection turned to Fujitsubo, who was a great consolation to him (Murasaki14). The Emperor seeks a substitute for his wife while Genji seeks a mother. The Emperors grief over Kiritsubo is eased when he meets Fujitsubo because she to the highest degree exactly resembles Kiritsubo. Although Genji does not remember his mother much, when the Dame of Staff told him that Fujitsubo resembled his mother, Genji wanted always to be with her so as to contemplate her to his hearts content (Murasaki14). In order to find comfort, both Genji and hi s produce seek substitution after losing the women they love.Genjis relationship with Fujitsubo was short lived. Fujitsubo was a mother replacement when Genji was young, and when Genji came of bestride he was denied access to her. Genji had an affair with Fujitsubo, falls in love with her and got her pregnant even though no one found out he nonoperational cannot marry her because she is his fathers wife. When Genji was eighteen, he discovers Murasaki in the hills north of Kyoto. Though Murasaki was only ten years old, she already looked extremely similar to Fujitsubo. To Genji, Murasaki is a subsitude for Fujitsubo he is drawn into her from the moment he saw her and was determined to adopt her no matter what. Genji told the nun that, thither is an unfathomable bond between her and me, and my heart went out to her the moment I saw her (Murasaki 99). He falls in love with Murasaki because of her physical resemblance to Fujitsubo. In the end, Genji successfully took Murasaki away to his household before her birth father could make his proper claim.Genji was a father status to Murasaki when she was young, but when she came of age Genji married her. Genji and his starting signal wife Aois romantic relationship is short lived, Genji and Aoi is married for a while, she passed away when he further began to care about her. Genji did not have a good married relationship with Aoi because he finds her nippy and unsympathetic, but when Aoi died Genji was depressed. After giving birth Aoi became very sick, Genji went to visit her, The sight of her lying there, so stunning yet so think and weak that she hardly seemed among the living, aroused his love and his keenest sympathy. The hair streaming crosswise her pillow, not a strand out of place, stuck him as a wonder, and as he gazed at her, he found himself unable to understand how for all these years he could have seen any flaw in her (Murasaki176). Genji did not appreciate or notice Aois beauty until he loses her. Af ter the Emperor died, Genjis power and influence declined.Genji and Oborozukiyo also had a short relationship. They were caught in the act of making love by the Minister of the Right. After knowing that their affair was found out, Genji sent a message to Oborozukiyo saying that, I am not surprised to have heard nothing from you, but I am sorrier and more disappointed than words can say now that I am leaving all my creative activity behind (Murasaki 235). Genji was refrained from seeing her and was exiled to Suma by Lady Kokiden. Throughout Genjis life, he always falls in love with the women, then loses her and suffers in the end. It is also human nature that the harder it is to get something the more we want to get it. Genji fell in love with Utsusemi when he visited the governor of Kii in Kyoto. Utsusemis little brother Kokimi appealed to Genji, therefore, he took him into his personal service.Kokimi helped Genji deliever letters to Utsusemi, and Genji learned that there was no ho pe, her astonishing obduracy made him so nauseate his own existence that his distress was painfully obvious (Murasaki 44). He tried hard to seduce her but kept on getting rejected. Genji got hurt when he was rejected by Utsusemi, It infuriated him that her amazing resistance, utmost from disappearing, had instead risen to this pitch, and he was beside himself with outrage and injury, although he also knew perfectly well that strength of character was what had attracted him to her in the first place (Murasaki 44).When Kokimi was unable to set up Genji to meet with Utsusemi, Genji tells him, Very well, then you, at least shall not leave me and had him lie down with him (Murasaki 44). Since Genji was unable to get Utsusemi, in a way Kokimi became a replacement for her.In The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, Genjis always have short lived relationships with the women he cares about. When it comes to love, Genji tends to not have self-control. He knew he should not pursue Fujitsubo, Oborozukiyo, and many other women, but still he does it. Therefore, Genji has to suffer from constantly losing the woman he loves as the consequence to his actions. After falling in love, losing his love, and suffering, Genji always looks for someone who is physically similar as a subsitution. When the first object of desire proves to be out of reach, attention is naturally transferred to the next best thing.BibliographyMurasaki, Shikibu, and Royall Tyler. The Tale of Genji. New York Viking, 2001. Print.

Capital punishment Essay Example for Free

Capital punishment Es produceCapital punishment, also dubbed the end penalisation, is the pre-meditated and planned taking of a human life by a government in rejoinder to a crime committed by that legally convicted person. Passions in the US are sharply divided, and every bit strong among both supporters and protesters of the death penalization.Arguing against capital punishment, Amnesty International believes that The death penalisation is the ultimate denial of human rights. It is the premeditated and cold-blooded cleansing of a human being by the take in the name of justice. It violates the right to lifeIt is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. There can never be any justification for torture or for cruel treatment.Arguing for capital punishment, the Clark County, Indiana Prosecuting Attorney writes that at that place are some defendants who fill earned the ultimate punishment our society has to offer by committing polish off with aggravating circu mstances present. I believe life is sacred. It cheapens the life of an innocent mangle victim to say that society has no right to keep the murderer from ever killing again. In my view, society has not only the right, but the duty to act in self defense to protect the innocent.And Catholic primaeval McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington, writes the death penalty diminishes all of us, increases disrespect for human life, and offers the tragic illusion that we can teach that killing is wrong by killing.Death Penalty in the U.S.The death penalty has not always been beneficial in the U.S. although ReligiousTol timence.org advances that in the U.S., about 13,000 people have been legally punish since colonial times.The Depression era 1930s, which saw a historic peak in executions, was followed by a dramatic decrease in the 1950s and 1960s. No executions occurred in the US between 1967 to 1976.In 1972, the sovereign Court effectively void the death penalty, and converted the death sente nces of hundreds of death row inmates to life in prison.In 1976, another Supreme Court ruling found capital punishment to be Constitutional. From 1976 through June 3, 2009, 1,167 people have been executed in the U.S.Latest DevelopmentsThe vast majority of democratic countries in Europe and Latin America have abolished capital punishment over the last fifty geezerhood, but United States, most democracies in Asia, and close all totalitarian governments retain it. Crimes that carry the death penalty vary greatly worldwide from imposition and murder to theft. In militaries around the world, courts-martial have sentenced capital punishments also for cowardice, desertion, insubordination and mutiny.Per Amnesty Internationals 2008 death penalty annual report, at least 2,390 people were known to have been executed in 25 countries and at least 8,864 people were sentenced to death in 52 countries around the worldExecutions in 2008, by hoidenishChina 1,718Iran 346Saudi Arabia 102United States 37Pakistan 36Iraq 34Vietnam 19Afghanistan 17North Korea 15 entirely others 66Source Amnesty InternationalAs of October 2009, capital punishment in the US is officially sanctioned by 34 states, as well as by the federal government. separately state with legalized capital punishment has different laws regarding its methods, age limits and crimes which qualify. From 1976 through October 2009, 1,177 felons were executed in the U.S., distributed among the states as followsExecutions from 1976 Oct 2009, by StateTexas 442 (38%)Virginia 103Oklahoma 91Florida 68Missouri 67Georgia 46Alabama 44North Carolina 43South Carolina 42Ohio 32Louisiana 27Arkansas 27All others 149Source WikipediaStates and U.S. territories with no current death penalty statute are Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, red-hot Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, No rthern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. New Jersey repealed the death penalty in 2007, and New Mexico in 2009.BackgroundThe case of Stanley Tookie Williams illustrates the moral complexities of the death penalty. Mr. Williams, an author and Nobel Peace and books Prizes nominee who was put to death on December 13, 2005 by lethal injection by the state of California, brought capital punishment back into prominent public debate.Mr. Williams was convicted of four murders committed in 1979, and sentenced to death. Williams professed innocence of these crimes. He was also co-founder of the Crips, a deadly and powerful Los Angeles-based street gang responsible for hundreds of murders.About five years after incarceration, Mr. Williams underwent a religious conversion and, as a result, authored many books and programs to promote peace and to push gangs and gang violence. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Peace Prize and four times for the Nobel literary produ ctions Prize.Mr. Williams was a self-admitted life of crime and violence, followed by genuine redemption and a life of uniquely and unusually good works.The circumstantial evidence against Williams left little doubt that he committed the four murders, condescension last-minute claims by supporters. There also existed no doubt that Mr. Williams posed no further flagellum to society, and would contribute considerable good.The case of Stanley Tookie Williams forced public reflection on the mark of the death penaltyIs the purpose of the death penalty to remove from society someone who would cause more harm? Is the purpose to remove from society someone who is incapable of rehabilitation? Is the purpose of the death penalty to deter others from committing murder? Is the purpose of the death penal

Network Design Essay Example for Free

profits Design EssayThe objective at hand was to build a meshing from the ground up. This was accomplished by breaking down in every last(predicate) of the sections and building upon wholly previous assignments. This was a good c atomic number 18er as I learned a shell out about whole(prenominal) of the assorted sections of building a net profit.The pros atomic number 18 now I know how to build a intercommunicate on the design facial expression from the ground up. I learned kinda a bit about utilize a lot of the technologarithmies associated with webing and it allow fored me to learn rather a few new concepts. Some of the downfalls about this course and what I have learned be I did non encounter I accomplished often as in that location is no hands on training associated with the course. I do not feel the like concepts and design ideas atomic number 18 a great resource to actually learn how to use whatever of the systems but they do give a pretty goo d idea.Cabling SpecificationsEthernet is a Local Area Ne twainrk (local atomic number 18a entanglement) engine room with a transmittal rate of 10 Mbps and has a typical virtuoso topology. Com defineers and thingmabobs must wait-and-listen for transmission age on the electronic ne twork as solitary(prenominal) iodin finesse crapper transmit at every genius time. In order to operate with this network strategy, Ethernet incorporates CSMA/CD (Carrie Sense Multiple portal with Collision Detection). severally device on the network listens for the network to be clear before transmittal data. If much than unity information processing system or device transmits data at the same time, and then collisions occur. at a time collisions be detected, all devices stop transmitting for a period of time until champion of the devices senses the line is prominent-minded and will then gain control of the line to transmit its data. Receiving devices just sit in that respect p ostponement and listening for transmissions that are meant for them, which are determined by an IP ( meshing Protocol) address.The main(prenominal) profit to Ethernet is it is one of the brassyest networks to practice into service. Compared to separate hardware for Token Ring, Ethernet equipment such(prenominal)(prenominal) as hubs, switches, network interface cards, and cable (Cat5 harsh) is inexpensive.The main discriminate to Ethernet is related to the collisions that occur on the network. Even though Ethernet cable (Cat5) is fairly inexpensive, it butt end last a cost issue if designing a large network as each device or figurer requires its own cable conjunction to the fundamental hub. Anformer(a) harm is distance limitation for inspissation affiliations. The giganticest connection that female genital organ occur within an Ethernet network without a repeater is degree centigrade meters.Todays Ethernet standards, speed of light Mbps and 1000 Mbps, incorporate sw itched technology, which for the most part, eliminates collisions on the network. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) specification for Ethernet is 802.3 with three-part alludes designating the antithetical types. For example, 10BASE-T is for 10 Mbps, and 100BASE-TX is for 100 Mbps.Token RingToken was developed by IBM as an alternative to Ethernet. The network is physi wishy wired in star topology, but is arranged in a logical ring. Instead of a hub or switch like in an Ethernet network, a MAU (Multistation Access Unit) is used. Access to the network is controlled by stubbornness of a token that is passed near the ring from computer to computer as data dejection only travel in one direction at a time. A computer that wishes to transmit data on the network begets possession of the token and replaces the token frame with data. The data goes about the ring and returns to the transmitting computer, which removes the data, creates a new token, and then for wards it to the next computer. The IEEE specification for Token Ring is 802.5 and it comes in two different speeds 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps.The main advantage to Token Ring is thither are never any collisions within the network, which do works it a highly reliable response for high-traffic networks.The disadvantage to Token Ring is the network cards and MAU are more(prenominal) expensive than equivalent Ethernet hardware.FDDIFDDI (Fiber-Distributed Data Interface) is an architecture designed for high-speed covertbones that operate at 100 Mbps, which are used to connect and extend LANs. A ring topology is used with two fiber centre cable rings. Itpasses a token on two rings and in opposite directions. The specification for FDDI is designated by the Ameri fag end National Standards Institute as ANSI X3T9.5.The advantage to FDDI is that it uses two rings for protection in moorage one ring breaks. When a break occurs, data is rerouted in the opposite direction victimisation the separ ate ring. It is alike considered reliable because it uses a token- expiry strategy.The disadvantage to FDDI is the expensive network cards and fiber optic cable. In addition, the totality of fiber optic cable is doubled because it has redundant rings.WirelessLocal Area Network (LAN) TopologiesA mesh topology has a point-to-point connection to every some other device (node) within the topology. The point-to-point link is dedicated between each device so it will only carry traffic to the two devices that is connected by that link.The advantage of a mesh topology is it works on the concept of routes, which means that traffic sight take one of several paths between the source and destination. The network is also robust in that it will not be crippled if one path becomes unavailable or unstable due to each device being connected to every other device. The Internet uses a mesh topology to operate efficiently. The main disadvantage to a mesh topology is the event that it requires a la rge number of cables, which is very expensive.A bus topology is a multipoint topology that entails each device being connected to a common link or path. The common link posterior be thought of as the spurbone to the network. both devices typically connect to the backbone with a T-connector and coax cable.The main advantages of a bus topology are that it is easy to install and is not expensive (cost effective) because it uses very little cable to build. The main disadvantage is if there is a problem with the one backbone cable, then the inbuilt network will no longish have the ability to communicate.These networks are also very difficult to troubleshoot because any clear problem such as a cable break, loose connector, or cable short can cause the outage. The integral length of cable and each connector must be inspected during troubleshooting. Another disadvantage is the lack of enlargement of the signal, which results in a limited network size based on the characteristics of the cable because of how far a signal can travel down that cable.A ring topology means that each device is connected in a ring, or daisy-chain fashion, one after another. A dedicated connection only exists between a device and the device on each side of it. Data flows around the ring in one direction. Each device contains a repeater that regenerates the signal before passing it to the next device.The main advantage of a ring topology is that it is easy to install. One disadvantage includes hindrance to troubleshoot because data flows in one direction and it could take time to go through the improper device when there are problems. The entire network could be taken off line if there is a faulty device or cable break within the ring.The star topology has each device in the network connected to a central device called a hub, which can actually be a hub or switch. All traffic must pass through the hub in order to communicate with any other device on the network. at that place is no direct communication between devices like in a mesh topology.One advantage to a star topology is any failure to one cable or device connected to the hub will not bring the entire network down. Repairs can be done to individual nodes without disrupting traffic flow. Another advantage is expandability of the network. Additional devices can be added to the network without disrupting any of the current users. All that is required is an additional cable run from the device to the hub.One disadvantage includes cable costs because each device must have its own cable connected back to the hub. The other disadvantage is the hub itself.Since all traffic runs through one device, it becomes the single point of failure. If the hub goes down, so does the entire network.Wide Area Network ( mad) DesignA WAN, also known as a Wide Area Network, is an necessity part to bigger corporate networks most government networks and companies with multiple sites as well. A WAN, basically, is 2 or more LANs (Lo cal Area Networks) stuck together and running as one big network over a big geographical area. Although a WAN could cover very small distances, most WANs cover much larger geographical areas such as a coun study or possibly even the realism.The largest WAN today would technically be the internet or the World Wide Web. The internet is, in short, one giant WAN because it consists of umteen smaller LANs and servers. Most WANs can cover a fairly large geographical area, but some, such as the World Wide Web can cover the globe. The join States Government has quite a big WAN as a lot of their LANs are in other countries. They direct to get data from one place to another almost instantaneously, and this is one of the fast and easiest ways to be able to do so.To be able to get on the internet, a indorser must go through an ISP (Internet Service Provider) and they will give the subscriber inlet to the internet for a reliable price every month. thither are different ways to get regai n to the internet depending on the geographical location in which you live. A subscriber can go through control up, which is one of the slowest methods, but it is also one of the most common. there is also DSL (Digital reviewer Line) through most phone companies if they have admission price in the area and cable which is usually one of the fastest and most expensive methods to access the internet. The last common method is using a orbiter to obtain access. This is usually the most expensive ways to access the internet because the equipment usually call for to be bought.When talking about telephone lines, we start getting into analog versus digital signals and degradation over drawn-out distances. A telephone system works on analog signals. These work by a computer transmitting a digitalsignal to the modem which converts the signal into an analog signal (this is the beeping heard when a computer dials up to access the internet) and later being converted by a different compute r back into a digital signal with the use of a modem. DSL is digital all the way, along with T1 and T3 lines. When using DSL or T1/T3 lines, a filter of some sort is used to filter out the digital and analog signals, so the phone and computer are receiving different signals.Companies usually use faster lines to access the internet or to have access to their other sites. Smaller companies can use DSL or Cable internet services, but when talking about larger corporations or the government, most use normal systems such as telephone lines or satellites. Usually, when talking about larger companies and going through a public system, we are talking much faster speeds that can hold many a(prenominal) more users. T1 and T3 lines are usually used, satellites are commonly used and fiber-optic is becoming much more common.When getting into many users on a WAN, we need to start talking about Network Latency. According to Javvin.com network latency is defined as latency is a mea current of how fast a network is running. The term refers to the time elapsed between the sending of a message to a router and the return of that message (even if the process only takes milliseconds, slowdowns can be very apparent over multi-user networks). Latency problems can signal network-wide slowdowns, and must be treated seriously, as latency issues cause not only slow service but data losses as well.At the user level, latency issues may come from parcel malfunctions at the network level, such slowdowns may be a result of network overextension or bottlenecking, or country or DDoS activity.Dos or DDos stands for Denial of Service and Distributed Denial of Service respectively. These types of attacks are usually by hackers or someone who does not motive others to access a indisputable service. There was a recent DoS threat on the CNN webpage as some hackers wanted CNN to stop talking about a certain issue. This works by one or multiple people talking all of the networks latency or bandw idth from them and thus causing other not to be able to access their site or services.There are other issues that may slow down a users PC as well. Not all issues revolve around hacker attacks. A lot of problems could be caused by malicious parcel, such as, Spyware, Malware, Viruses, or other programs that may be problematic. These can usually be taken care of by initiation anti- virus parcel or even a spyware removal tool. The issue here is instead of the malicious package causing slowdowns on a PC, there are slowdowns due to the software protecting a certain computer in the background. Sometimes a simple muckle to this problem is to defragment a hard drive. This can tremendously speed up a PC, because the files will be closemouthedr together and easier and quicker to access.On a network, a simple way to test latency is to use the trace route program. To do this, simply go to a command prompt and type tracert and then an IP address if interior(a) or a website if external. Th is will send out piece of grounds of information and check how much time has passed to gravel a packet back. The time passed would be the latency time. Usually it says it only took a certain amount of milliseconds which does not seem like very much time, but it was only a tiny packet of information. The higher the milliseconds the higher the latency time. The higher the latency time, the longer it will take to do anything in a network. If a high latency time is present, there is bound to be lag someplace down the line.In a WAN, the equipment that will be used is as follows. In each LAN there will be PCs connected to a router somewhere (this is a ring topology example) and that router should be connected into a switch. There may be more but this is a basic example. Each of these LANs then connects to a central HUB somewhere which should interconnect all of the LANs. All of the information then travels to the central hub which is then separated out to the correct switch, router and then PC. There are usually central servers that can store and backup all of the data on the network as well, but this was an example of a crude network.Most companies also a very repetitious and redundant with their WANs. This is because they do not want a central failure point to bring the entire gild to its knees. There are usually multiple switches that can tie theentire system together. If a huge corporations Wan mulish to fail, the company could lose a few million dollars in a matter of minutes. This is the main agreement redundancy in this situation throw aways more than enough sense.A lot of companies use software called VPN software. This software will let users login from the outside into their computer inside the company. This is a very nice system because if an employee needs to do work from home, they have access to everything they working on onsite. This is also helpful from an Information engine room perspective as it allows the Tech who is working on a remote p roblem login remotely and figure out what the issue is, make any configuration changes and fix most software related issues without actually having to be onsite. This works well when being on call from an offsite location. There are other software packages that work well too. A lot of companies use PC whateverwhere to do this type of work and Bomgar is another solution to be able to remotely login.A WAN is an imperative part to any corporation, government delegacy or company with multiple locations, as it allows them to transfer data quickly, easily and over great distances at the click of a button. There seems to be more and more need for employees in the networking field today, because more and more corporations need to transfer data quicker and easier. There will be new technology soon that will improve our current technology such as fiber optic.Network ProtocolsThere are many solutions to remote access and the most common and one of the most cost efficient methods is the VPN ( Virtual toffee-nosed Network). VPN technology is already built in to most operating systems and is very easy to accomplish. With bigger environments and corporations, a consideration for concentrated VPN hardware should be in place because of the simultaneous users and stress on the servers. There are a few different types of VPN including IPsec, PPTP and SSL.Once the connection from remote access has been made, you need to make sure the files are readily accessible for the user logging in remotely. One way to do so is to use Samba which is an open source file access system. Thereare other ways to allow access as well. Using remote desktop connection, the user has the ability to log directly in to their PC and use it as if they were sitting at their desk, rather than away from the company.A lot of companies use software called VPN software. This software will let users login from the outside into their computer inside the company. This is a very nice system because if an employee needs to do work from home, they have access to everything they working on onsite. This is also helpful from an Information Technology perspective as it allows the Tech who is working on a remote problem login remotely and find out what the issue is, make any configuration changes and fix most software related issues without actually having to be onsite. This works well when being on call from an offsite location. There are other software packages that work well too. A lot of companies use PCAnywhere to do this type of work and Bomgar is another solution to be able to remotely login.Network Remote AccessMost companies need to be able to access their work from many locations, including home and while traveling. The solution that allows them to access the network is one of two ways to access their network. The first is through a VPN (virtual(prenominal) private network) that allows the user access to remotely log in easily and quickly. The other way is through a dial up remote connect ion this way is a bit easier to set up but can become very costly in the long run. The problem with being able to do this is it can be very costly and can eat up much of the IT departments time to set up, configure and implement this system into the current hardware.The definition from whatis.com about a VPN is virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with batten down access to their organizations network. A virtual private network can be contrasted with an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower cost. VPN works by using the shared public infrastructure while maintaining privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two TunnelingProtocol (L2TP).In effect, the protocols, by encrypting data at the sending end and decrypting it at the receiving end, send the data through a tunnel that cannot be entered by data that is not male monarchful encrypted. An additional level of security involves encrypting not only the data, but also the originating and receiving network addresses.A VPN, also known as a Virtual Private Network is a helpful tool that allows users of a specific domain to be able to log in to their PC from anywhere in the world with the help of another PC. With this tool, they would log in with a special piece of software, using their user name and password to gain access to all functionality of the PC they want to log in to. This allows for a lot of comfortable solutions, such as if an employee is sick, they may still have an option to work from home. This allows a elastic company schedule as well because if a user needs to access a text file from their home PC, they can essentially log in to their work PC and download the document.Network vocation Applica tionsA second way to access ones computer from a different location would be using a dial up service, with this you can basically dial in to access all of their resources available within the server. Using this is a very secure and easy route to go, and allows the user access to files they may desperately need. Another good thing about using a remote connection to access a server is if the user is on a business trip, they have the ability to access all of their much needed documents easily and securely with out much fuss.The explanation between these two pieces of technology is with dial-up remote access, a remote access client uses the telecommunications infrastructure to create a short physical circuit or a virtual circuit to a port on a remote access server. After the physical or virtual circuit is created, the rest of the connection parameters can be negotiated.With virtual private network remote access, a VPN client uses an IP internetwork to create a virtual point-to-point co nnection with a remote access server acting as the VPN server. After the virtual point-to-point connection is created, the rest of the connection parameters can be negotiated.There are many advantages and disadvantages to using a dial up remote connection over VPN. The biggest advantage I have been able to find is, it is easier to setup and maintain while using VPN makes you set up and maintain individual accounts for both the VPN and the users name and password on the system. Another advantage of dialing up in to the system would be the fact that no matter where the user is all they need to do is plug into a phone cocksucker and they should be able to log in. The disadvantage of this is depending on where the user is long distance charges may contribute and it could rank up a pretty penny or two. Another disadvantage is although the system is cheaper in the short term, the system may be more expensive than VPN in the long run.There are also other methods of using VPN. One specifi c way is certain ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and other trey party support companies are assisting in setting up the VPN and supporting it without a great guide of time spent on it by the current department. This may or may not be more cost efficient than setting it up yourself, but it does remove a lot of the annoying that VPNs can give due to different errors.There are also many advantages and disadvantages to using a VPN over a dial up system. One of the biggest advantages to this system over a dial up system is in the long run this is a much cheaper system than a dial up system. This system is a little bit quicker than a dial up system as well. This system is cheaper than a dial up system because using a dial up system, long distance fees may apply, with the virtual private network, you do not need to worry about this as the user may call into a local internet service provider to gain access. Any internet connection will gain a user access to the companys network through a VPN.Through all of this, there still needs to be security measures put in place to keep unwanted users off of the system while allowing employees or other pass users access without down time. VPNs can work well with firewalls, all the IT department would need to do is allow the ports to be accessed by the VPN and the user should have full access.All in all, there are two very cost effective solutions at a companys finger tips and both are fairly easy to set up. The company needs to decide if they want to save money up front and make it easier so they do not needto set up multiple accounts per user, or if they would rather have a better solution and save more money down the road. The pick also depends on the amount of users logging in at any given moment.Backup and possibility RecoverySecurity, back ups and disaster recuperation are all important very parts of all networks in todays world. The problem with today is information on how to hack, repose and program any type of ma licious software (or malware) is easily accessible via the Internet and other easy to access sources. There are roughly 1.4 billion people on the Internet or that at least have access to the Internet in the world, which is about 25% of the worlds population. All of these people have extremely easy access to hacking networks, creating malware and destroying any individualised or private data a user may have and wish to keep. There is not really any way to stop these people from harming our personal software and data from their side, this is why a user needs to make sure they have security on the users side.There are other things that happen besides people trying to maliciously harm a users files and data. Accidents can happen and destroy data as well. There could be many things that can harm a users data such as a fire, earthquake, power surge or worst case scenario, some sort of electro magnetic pulse (EMP). This is where data back ups and disaster recovery come in nicely. There are many companies that specialize in helping a user or company back up their data and store it off site such as SunGard (mostly used in bigger company settings).There are other ways to store a users data as well. One way is to make a physical imitation of everything needed on CDs, DVDs, Flash Drive or some other type of media and store it at a friends house or some other persons house they trust. This keeps a hard copy of all of their data off site just in case something happens and it can now be restored. There are a few other companies as well that turn on line backups. For this a user downloads their software and it automatically backs up to a few different location for redundancy which allows the customer more safety and easier access to all of their files.One of the first stairs to a business that wishes to be very secure in allthat they do is to set up a backup and disaster recovery plan to start it all off. Like I say earlier, there are many way s to do it. If this is a l arger company they in all likelihood want to hire someone internally to make a physical back up of all the data and send it to an off site company for storage. They should also keep another copy close to them at all times, preferably away from where the physical data lies.They should put it on the opposite side of the building than where the file server is. If anything happens to the servers, they can quickly and easily use their backed up copy of all the data and recover it on to the servers in which they lie. Most companies have 2 or 3 backup units on site for redundancy and this allows that if one of those go down as well there are still a couple others in which they can restore all of the data from. Although this can become a little more expensive than just a regular back up system, sometimes it can be well worth it.Network SecurityAccording to devx.com the first step in draft a disaster recovery plan is conducting a thorough risk analysis of your computer systems. contestati on all the possible risks that threaten system uptime and evaluate how imminent they are in your particular IT shop. Anything that can cause a system outage is a threat, from relatively common man made threats like virus attacks and accidental data deletions to more rare natural threats like floods and fires. Determine which of your threats are the most probable to occur and prioritize them using a simple system rank each threat in two important categories, probability and impact. In each category, rate the risks as low, medium, or high. For example, a small Internet company (less than 50 employees) located in California could rate an earthquake threat as medium probability and high impact, while the threat of utility failure due to a power outage could rate high probability and high impact.So in this companys risk analysis, a power outage would be a higher risk than an earthquake and would therefore be a higher priority in the disaster recovery plan.Another big part of any securit y system development is the company (or department) needs to look at their budget and how much they are willing to spend on their system.A company can get a basic security system for their network (including firewall) for fairly cheap and this may do most of what is needed, but larger companies are going to need to spend quite abit more money than that of a small company. Most larger companies spend quite a bit because they usually have higher priced clients that they can not afford to lose and all of their data is invaluable to the company. Some companies actually have their own Information System Security employees to proctor the network in case of any type of attack. They also make sure all of the anti-virus and anti-malware softwares are running and updating properly.Lastly, another thing most companies forget about after they have their equipment and software installed is there is more than just the implementation of the hardware and software to save them. They need to make sur e everything continues to run and update itself from newer and bigger threats. These companies need to make sure they continually test and check what needs to be done to continually maintain a network that can not be garbled in to. There are people out there that can be hired to try and break into a companies network. They get paid and let the company know what needs to be rigid so others can not break into it as well.In conclusion, a company can be nothing or brought to its knees with out its network and servers. There are many things that can cripple a company without the help of man. The only way to avoid these is to have a proper disaster recovery plan and to make sure the network is not vulnerable in any way.ReferencesAbout, Inc. (2004). Network topologies bus, ring, star, and all the rest. RetrievedOctober 12, 2004, from http//compnetworking.about.com /library/weekly/aa041601a.htmBrain, M. (2004). How stuff works how wifi works. Retrieved October 12, 2004,from http//comput er.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network.htm/printableNetwork Latency. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2008, fromhttp//www.javvin.com/etraffic/network-latency.htmlBroadband Internet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2008, fromhttp//www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id988596323Wide Area Networks.(n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2008, fromhttp//www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/wan.htmlVirtualPrivate Network. (n.d.).retrieved May 11, 2008, fromhttp//searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213324,00.htmlVPN vs. dial up. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2008, fromhttp//technet2.microsoft.com/windowsserver/en/library/d85d2477-796d-41bd-83fb-17d78fb1cd951033.mspx?mfr=trueHow to Create a Disaster Recovery Plan, RetrievedMay 23, 2008, from http//www.devx.com/security/Article/16390/1954World Internet Usage Statistics, RetrievedMay 23, 2008, from http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Problem gambling Essay Example for Free

Problem shimmer EssayDid you do it that 40% of all(prenominal) hassle gamblers started gambling before they were seventeen? Or that problem gambling causes the most(prenominal) suicides out of all the recognized addictions? Even with these facts, the most startling truth is that non one national dollar, out of the billions collected in gambling taxes, has been spent to treat or help problem gamblers. sport is the activity or practice of playing at a game of chance for bills or new(prenominal) stakes. Activities that argon considered gambling be sports and race bets, lotteries, games standardized blackjack and poker, and casino games like slots and roulette. beano and raffles argon technically gambling, but there are no major concerns about them, so they are not included here. Gambling has been legalized by many states, but just because it is does not disembowel it right. Even though gambling is legal, it should not be because of its harmful economic, governmental, and companionable effects. There are many detrimental economic effects of gambling, but there are dickens major ones it siphons coin from other industries, and states attempt to use lotteries to boost income.Gambling takes currency from consumers that would otherwise be spent in an primal industry or charity. Instead, it is essentially thrown away in hopes of getting rich quick. The removal of money from other industries often causes businesses to go bankrupt, therefore creating more unemployed deal. You could argue that casinos create jobs, but those jobs do not make enough money to really support a family. The other economic problem that gambling creates is the use of lotteries. States typically use lotteries to make more money, but it is nowhere near as effective as other methods that are in use.The state makes 40% of the money that is put into lotteries, plot of ground they make 99% of the money that goes into taxes. Also, sources say that since the poor buy so many more drafting tickets than everyone else, the lotteries have become a tax on the poor and economically disadvantaged. The economic effects may be bad, but the governmental and companionable effects are far more hurtful. There are a few different damaging effects that gambling has on the government, but they fall into two categories the governments role and illegal activity.The governments role in gambling is not what it should be. Drugs and gambling are both known to be self-destructive, yet drugs are banned and gambling is legalized? To the people that are impelled gamblers, gambling is a drug to them, so it should be illegal like all other drugs. The other poor role the government has in gambling is that the government gets a cut of meat of the profits from it in the form of taxes. As it was mentioned earlier, the poor and lower-middle class gamble more, so it is essentially a tax on the poor.Illegal activity is another damaging governmental effect of gambling. Since betting on sp orts and races are legal, it has become far easier for organized crime to make money off of fixed flashy events and racing. From a sports standpoint, it makes point-shaving scandals a potentially larger issue, and can take away from the integrity of the game. Additionally, in areas where gambling is legalized, illegal gambling increases. Since people think it is okay to gamble, they now go to an illegal gambling pickle so that their winnings, if any, are not taxed by the government.The destructive governmental and economical effects of gambling are horrible, but the social effects are the worst of all. The harmful social effects of gambling are it forces the poor to stay poor, compulsive gamblers bring massive problems, and gambling can ruin lives and families. Gambling at casinos and in lotteries have terrible odds of winning, but the poor, who desperately need the money, try term and time again in hopes of getting lucky to pull out of their economic problems.However, they rarely win, and the amount of money that they pour in forces them stay poor. Even if you are not poor and you start to gamble constantly, you pull up stakes become poor very quickly. Another harmful social effect of gambling is the presence of compulsive gamblers. Compulsive, or problem, gamblers are people who are addicted to gambling. Gambling is a drug to them, and they cannot stop gambling, no matter the consequences. A study showed that most compulsive gamblers started during their teen years, and that they are in close to $80,000 in debt.Because of the staggering amount of debt they are in, they are a huge burden to their families. The last harmful social effect of gambling is it destroys families. The amount of debt that a compulsive gambler gets into puts way too much go on the rest of the family to help him or her out of debt. If you are married to a compulsive gambler, it is like being married to a hard-core drug addict, they are forced to throw away money to satisfy their add iction.Unfortunately, sometimes the debt is too much, and the spouse will divorce, shattering the family. The social effects of gambling are the worst, but all the effects of gambling are awful. Unfortunately for us, gambling is legal in approximately every state, allowing these hurtful effects to exist. Even though gambling is legal, it should not be because of its harmful economic, governmental, and social effects. If you are considering gambling sometime, think about what you are supporting, and how it could ruin your life.

Upton Sinclair Essay Example for Free

Upton Sinclair EssayUpton Sinclair was born on September 20th 1878, in Baltimore Maryland. His life was spent alternating between governance, writing and in civilized rights movements. His first major ledger was written in 1903 Manassas, merely it is The Jungle that would throw him into instant fame and adjudge known his stand in the complications brought forth by capitalism. He was a socialist and tried rail for office in 1906, having a go at the congress in New Jersey finished the socialist party of America where he lost slightly. His literary works argon full of circumstantial publications where he would mirror authoritatively many of the issues affecting the Ameri shadowers.He was a socialist and was forever and a day at clash with conservative politicians who were painting him as a violent communist despite the position that he had denounced communism. His writings are non only policy-making or social but he withal gave a shot at psychic (William J. helm, 1994 ). His most recorded success in elections was in 1934 when he was nominated to run in office, this displaceence non with the socialist party but with the representative Party. He was however to lose as his most conservative people in California could not buy his political ideas.The communists thought of him as a capitalist while the capitalist believed he was a communist and was out to change the state for the worse. An analysis of his accomplishments would reveal that they did not lie in politics but in his advancement of civil rights. His notable achievement however is in the fatigue movements. His writings and campaigns were strong injection to the labor unitings. This shall remain the focus of this paper as it seeks to establish the impact and moment of Upton Sinclair on the American workers and the labor movements.Of particular interest in this paper will be his clean The Jungle and its impact of food legislations. The epitome of Upton Sinclair criticism of the capitali st system in the United States can be captured in The Jungle. It is here that he exposes many of the social evils that were being perpetuated in the society curiously against the misfortunate-income earners. It exposes many scandals that before had remained hidden from the publics eyes while at the same judgment of conviction urging for change (Jon Blackwell, n. d).The story is based on an emigrant family that moves to the United States, Chicago, in search of the American dream and prosperity only to be raped by the ruthless capitalist system. The whole family has migrated in to Chicago in the hope of a better life but the unscrupulous employers including corrupt officials gives the family no piece and they start dying one after the other. The working conditions of the stockyards in Chicago are intolerable. The home is exacerbated by rampant corruption that thrives. For one to get something done, it is a must that an official be bribed in the process.The key character in The Jun gle is one Jurgis and it is through him that the woes of the workers are brought to the fore. His family is on the verge of extermination as a string of deaths have caught the family. He is a troubled man and totally devastated by the employers and the farmers who keep turning employees away. This newfangled is a clear attack of industrialization and the intense mechanization of America. It portrays the troubled waning optimism of people especially the workers who have to survive a life of bondage and wage slavery.The daub of the jungle is on the hard conditions that workers in the Chicagos shopping centre factories have to undergo. Workers of all ages including women and children are being exploited. It gives a vivid account of how farmers were being ground after having fallen accidentally in to the processing tanks with the full knowledge of the owners of the factories. The Jungle caused a major row pitting the public, the government and meat processing factories. The cleanlin ess of the meat was in question. This novel had exposed much of the evils and the malpractices that were being subjected to the workers.Sinclair intent and purpose of the novel was mostly to be centered on the woes of the workers, it was just that the publics attention become focused more on the hygiene of the meat. The Meat Inspection Act for example was passed after this novel had brewed enough uproar. To Sinclair, The Jungle did not just contain empty words, but they had to be followed up by real actions. He sent a copy of the book to the then president, Theodore Roosevelt. His was not on the hygiene of the meat but kinda was on the wage slavery now dominant in American factories. The workers were being mistreated and ill paid.However the authoritys attention was not on the wage slavery but on the meat quality and hygiene. The working conditions of the workers were ignored and instead the investigators focused more on the cleanliness of the processing factories. This would bac ksheesh to his famous statement later to the effect that his works were intended to strike at the care of the bailiwick and rather not the stomach this indicates the passion through which Sinclair was committed to securing the welfare of the workers to a point that he would confront the powers that were on that point then.Roosevelt only agreed to respond to the meat factory allegations after immense pressure sensation from the civil societies including Sinclair himself. His efforts to secure the rights of the workers and improve their welfare can be seen in his campaigns for the seat of governor of California. His political ideology was being centered on the workers. His EPIC movement (End Poverty in California) was promising to lighten the situation of the workers (Deibre Donahue, 2006. ). The Flivver King, a story of Ford America a book by Upton Sinclair in 1937 also roused and sensitized the workers on the woes facing them in their workplaces.It traces the origin of the Ford Motor Company and how after it was conventional it was treating its employees well as it only employed qualified workers, its focus in on the scientific perplexity of the Ford Motor Company factories. After sometimes, the Ford Company took to breaking down the labor and introduced long suit meaning that even the low skilled workers could do the job with low pay (http//www. amazon. com/flivver-king-story-ford-america/dp/0882860542). This book traces how the Ford Company has over time phased out the skilled labor and in its place with the low skilled people and exploiting them.The workers in the Ford Company would wish to start a union but there were set backs as Fords spies are working to undermine their efforts each time they try to congregate. It explores how Ford was transformed in to selfishness by maintaining the same small pay but go on to wreak billions. This book was of great significance as it led to great inspirations to the workers and also led to the brass of the Unit ed Autoworkers Union. It would result to a wave of workers movements and unionization that hit the big companies in the 1940s.It indicates the harsh realities that the workers had to fight back with as they tried to form unions that would collectively agitate for their rights (Philip S. Foner, 1964). Upton Sinclair works are popular not for their qualities as novels but for their social impact. He is able to capture workers conditions and the low pay that characterized their remuneration. In the jungle he gives the heartrending details of stories of the workers who fell in to the vats and not being retrieved in time, they would die in there with no efforts by the factory owners to retrieve the bodies.These books went a great deal in inspiring the defining a workers union. By focusing at the problems facing the laborers, they were able to bring them together under a communality of purpose. The situation as it was in the factories for example in the, Ford Company, was that the owner s were not taking any efforts to liquify the workers interests lightly. The confrontations between the two would sometimes turn bloody. Unlike the communists who were expecting to push the ideas of the workers suffering down their throats, Sinclair takes a far much smoother approach through a well-researched story.The inspiration of Sinclairs works upon the foundation of the workers union in America cannot be underscored. They made a great deal in presenting the reality in the factories. The United Workers Union is one such labor movement alongside others that were directly inspired by the novel on the Ford Company.ReferenceWilliam J. helm, 1994. Upton Sinclair overview. In reference guide to American literature tertiary ed. Edited by Kamp. St James press. Amazon Com, 1996. The Flivver King A story of Ford America. Retrieved on http//www. amazon.com/flivver-king-story-ford-america/dp/0882860542 Jon Blackwell. 1906 rumble over The Jungle retrieved on 24/11/07 from http//www. capita lcentury. com/1906. html Jacob powers. Upton Sinclair, the flivver king. Retrieved on 24/11/07 from//upinmichagan. org/ver-sinclair. html Deibre Donahue, 06/23/2006. Radical Life, times of Upton Sinclair USA TODAY. Retrieved on 24/11/07 from http//www. usatoday. com/ife/books/eviews/2006-06-21-radical-innocent-x. htm Philip S. Foner, 1964. History of the labor movement in the United States. International publishers co.

Management Accounting Change Essay Example for Free

direction bill Change EssayDescribe the Challenge of Management Accounting Change in light of recent query findings and discuss, how mickle this counter spay help an organisation, in getting its strategic, tactical and operating objectives? Management story limiting and the straightly changing berths of circumspection accountants feed dominated report literature for the past few decades and the theme of forethought accounting ex miscellanea procedures has been a topical issue of many studies such as Baines and Langfield-Smith, 2003 Kapla, 1985 and Granlund and Lukka, 1998, just to name a few. In arrangement to understand the relationship between a firms strategy and objectives with its management accounting systems, it is necessary to first bushel the latter. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) define Management Accounting as the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and dialogue of deve lopment personad by management to plan, evaluate and control indoors an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources.Management accounting as well comprises the preparation of financial reports for non-management groups such as sh arholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and valuate authorities. It is valuable to explore the extent to which management and strategic concerns be driven by accounting practices, and to a fault how accounting practices are mediated by the views that managers clear of the single-valued function of accounting (Burns et. al, 1999). Changes in Management Accounting can be viewed as an inevitable process, and they are also intrinsically interlinked to non only transfers in a firms strategy, but also with environmental changes.Both immanent and external changes in our economic and line of business environment are the dominating factors in the change of management accounting practices within organisations. This view that change is inevitable has been checked by Kaplan (1985), where he details the change as a cause-effect relationship. In short, management accounting systems have to change whenever in that location is any sort of change in an organisations business or economic environment. Organizational change is frequently a response to environmental change such as changes in competition, or changes in laws and legislation.So if Management Accounting change occurs due to organizational change, it is important to note the indirect link between environmental change and management accounting change (Burns et. al, 1999). Wijewardena and De Zoysa (1999) support this idea by detailing that the victory of an organisations strategy can be determined by how promptly and effectively management accountants can adapt to their systems to ever changing environmental and economic conditions, thereby documentation the link between management accounting practices and the business environment.It is fair to call forth that there are a number of factors that can influence change in management accounting and these factors are both internal and external. A research project on management accounting change in the UK, that was funded by CIMA and the scotch and Social Research Council was conducted between 1995 and 1998 by Burns et. al (1999). The study aimed to investigate changes in management accounting systems, the changing role of management accountants and the adoption of modern accounting techniques.The study signly seek to behavetle the claim that management accounting had not changed in to a sweller extent than 60 years (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987). The initial stages of the research found that management accounting practices use traditional accounting systems and modern techniques such as Activity-Based Costing and Strategic Management Accounting were not being used as much as expected. One reason for management accounting changes is the general economic factors such as the g lobalisation of markets. Changes in technology are another key factor, especially changes in information systems and methods of production.It is in this context that changes in management accounting have taken place. Changes in information technology have allowed for accounts and information to be dispersed around the organisation and managers have a more profound and hands on role within a firm. This in turn indefinitely has an impact on how objectives are met and how strategies and tactics are implemented to achieve, said objectives. This has led to a decentring of accounting knowledge, meaning that it is not only specified accountants who have knowledge of a companys accounts, but also managers and their subordinates.This gives managers a greater ownership of information and it also means that they have to have an increased knowledge of accounting systems. Ezzamel (1997) states that a overlook of change in accounting practices is presented as being not only detrimental to busine ss interests but also threatening to corporate survival. hitherto we must also look at external environmental factors and how they light upon management accounting systems. A definition stated by Macy and Arunachalam (1995) define an external environment as a phenomenon that is external and have either potential or actual influence on organisations.However we must reiterate the fact that organisations of no control whatsoever over external factors. It is in an organisations crush interest to take any external factors that could affect their operations, into consideration and to recognise them for their long term survival. international factors create a lot of uncertainty for firms. This uncertainty means that companies have to learn to adapt to fulminant changes in external environmental business factors. Research by Mia and Patiar (2001) show that organisations must have more refined management accounting practices in order to operates successfully in uncertain business envir onments. in that location are also a number of views that contradict the idea that management accounting systems are without delay influenced by external environmental factors. The idea of uncertainty, according to Chapman (1997), can be linked to internal factors as well as external factors. More research shows that external factors affecting management accounting can be dealt with in the way internal managers and accountants actually perceive the external variables. Despite the vast core of advantages to management accounting and organizational change, there are also downsides to such changes.Burns, Scapens and Ezzamel (1999), show that accounting change can challenge existing routines and institutions within an organisation. This can then lead to conflict and resistance within employees, managers and perhaps even board members. Goal congruence may disappear, and an organisations strategy to achieve objectives may be hindered with the lack of an aligning view from all the member s who have succumbed to the initial accounting change. Burns et al. (1999) also state that it can be a difficult process for previous systems to be unlearned.A major role for management accounting systems is to motivate demeanors of employees and managers in line with the desires of the organisation as a whole. A great problem is that many managers try to implement new accounting systems without taking into consideration the behavioural implications and consequences of employees with regards to these systems. The lack of goal congruence and effective communication can lead to low motivation and dysfunctional behaviour of employees. A change in an existing system will reduce employees knowledge and skill thereby affecting the effectiveness to achieve company objectives.Implementation of new techniques has to be orchestrated with great commission and communicated thoroughly throughout the organisation. Accounting practices and emerging routines can be said to be institutionalised wh en they change by reversal widely accepted in the organisation such that they become the unquestionable form of management control. In which case, they are an inherent feature of the management control process, and represent expected forms of behaviour and define the relations between the various organisational groups (Burns and Scapens, 2000).Burns et. al study of CHEM, a small chemicals manufacturer showed that a change in the accounting and organisational systems had little impact on the company as a whole and it did not change their previous ways of thinking. This led to conflict between individual members of the chemical manufacturing company. Later, the new accounting systems were scrapped as they offered little benefits to the company there had been very little change in the routines, institutions and systems of the firm.There are also claims that management accounting does not always change or respond to environmental or business changes. For example Kaplan (1984) suggests that despite significant changes to the business environment, such as increased competition and continuous changes in technologies and production processes, there has been no signicant changes in management accounting to match since 1925. Research conducted by Horngren (1995) and Burns et. al (1999) show that firms still tend to use traditional management accounting methods alternatively of adopting new techniques such as ABC.It is also important to note that their has also been a lack of writ of execution of non-financial measures such as Total Quality Management, Strategic Management Advice or Internal Financial presentment and Communication. The absences of modern accounting methods support the claim that there is indeed in some cases little change within organisations from traditional accounting systems to new techniques. It is a difficult process to draw a set conclusion on the effectiveness of management accounting change.It is evident that there are vast pools of research b oth supporting the idea that management accounting hange is beneficial in aiding an organisations strategy but there is an equal amount of research to support the idea that change in accounting systems is derogatory to the success and progress of a business. It is fair to say that further external factors can determine how successful accounting change can be for a firm. For example we must take into account cultural and semipolitical factors of the country a particular organisation resides in to fully understand the implications of strategic, and management accounting change.It is unacceptable to apply findings from research to every company, because in short, every company is different be it its strategy, its structure, its ethics or its objectives. We must be liberal in what we determine is successful implementation of management accounting change. The change that has taken place in organisations cannot be pinpointed to solely a change in management accounting systems and techni ques but it is in fact the change in how these new systems are used and implemented (Burns et. al 2000) and these changes are more often than not part of wider changes of the organisation as a whole.